Letter From a Believer: Choosing Love Over Hate in the Face of Kashmiri Violence

It was with a heart full of warmth that I recently returned from a 2.5-week journey through India. From the bustling energy of Mumbai, where I witnessed a remarkable harmony with visits to a serene mosque by the water, the vibrant Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Ganesh, and a beautiful Christian church standing in peaceful proximity, to the sun-kissed beaches of Goa and a captivating day tour in Delhi, the people I encountered were overwhelmingly welcoming. In Delhi, the architectural marvels of the Lotus Temple, a Baháʼí House of Worship, and the tranquil ISKCON Temple serve as testaments to the coexistence of diverse spiritual paths. My conversations about Prime Minister Modi's acceptance of various faiths yielded positive affirmations from the Hindu community, while discussions with Christian and Muslim individuals painted a more nuanced reality.

Patong Temple, Buddhism 

Haji Ali Dargah in Mumbai, Islam

During my time in Mumbai, a conversation with a well-traveled Hindu man offered a starkly different perspective. He expressed a deep-seated wariness of Muslim governance, citing historical examples in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) and Iran to illustrate his concerns about potential restrictions on freedoms. He specifically mentioned Kashmir, India's only Muslim-majority state, cautioning against the possibility of a Muslim-led government gaining power, referencing historical instances of Muslim rule in the subcontinent. This conversation lingered in my mind, and it resurfaced with a heavy heart upon learning of the recent, brutal attacks on Hindu tourists in Kashmir by the Resistance Front (Mashal & Raj, 2025). This act of violence shatters any illusion of calm in the long-restive region, highlighting the fragility of peace and the ever-present tension between India and Pakistan over the contested territory of Kashmir, an area with a Muslim majority (Mashal & Raj, 2025). The attack, which resulted in the deaths of at least 26 civilians and left over a dozen wounded, underscores the volatile situation and raises concerns in New Delhi about a potential escalation of cross-border conflict (Mashal & Raj, 2025).   

Understanding the historical context of the Kashmir conflict is crucial. Initially, as Behera (2006) elucidates, the dispute was primarily political, centered on the strategic importance of Kashmir for the consolidation of India and Pakistan following the 1947 partition. Both the National Congress and the Muslim League vied for the region's accession, with religious justifications emerging somewhat later to bolster their claims (Behera, 2006). However, the nature of the conflict evolved significantly, particularly after the 1990s. The Kashmiri insurgency saw the rise of Islamist militant groups, often supported by Pakistan, who framed the struggle as a religious jihad against the Hindu-majority Indian state, seeking Kashmir's merger with Pakistan (Behera, 2006). This ideological shift, marked by slogans emphasizing Islamic law and the expulsion of the Kashmiri Pandit minority, revealed a deliberate attempt to mobilize support on religious grounds, moving away from the initial focus on Kashmiri nationalism (Behera, 2006).   

Faced with such deep-seated tensions and the tragic consequences of religious extremism, the path forward must be one of understanding and love. As Christians, we are called to emulate the unconditional love of Jesus, who taught us in Matthew 7:1, "Do not judge, or you too will be judged." This profound teaching urges us to approach those of different faiths not with condemnation but with empathy and respect for their diverse backgrounds and beliefs. While our personal faith may hold profound truths for us, judging others for their spiritual paths is not our place to do. Instead, we are called to tolerance and mutual understanding, recognizing our shared humanity despite differing perspectives.

St Peters Church In Bandra, Mumbai, Christianity

Karim (2024) offers insightful perspectives on fostering peace, emphasizing that "organized forgetting has engendered ignorance about shared religious values and histories of harmonious coexistence." He stresses the importance of acknowledging the overlaps between religions and critiques the monolithic framework that often overlooks the rich history of interfaith interactions. Karim (2024) suggests that political and faith leaders must actively counter narratives of religious essentialism and promote the understanding of interfaith histories. Institutions, including those representing guru-pir traditions and the Aga Khan network, possess the potential to raise awareness of the peace-making power inherent in the intersections of faith (Karim, 2024). By studying and showcasing the productive outcomes of these intersecting religious traditions, we can begin to dismantle the perception of religions as entirely separate and inherently conflictual entities (Karim, 2024).

Worship Near Crawford Market, Mumbai, Hinduism

In the face of violence and division, choosing love might seem like a simplistic answer, yet it is a profound and powerful one. It requires a dedicated effort to see beyond religious labels and recognize the shared human dignity in each individual. Drawing inspiration from the very essence of Jesus' teachings, we are called to spread love, not hate, and to build bridges of understanding rather than walls of division. The path to peace in regions like Kashmir and throughout South Asia lies in actively cultivating empathy, fostering dialogue, and remembering the intertwined histories and values that bind communities together. It is a journey that demands persistent effort and an unwavering commitment to loving our neighbors, regardless of their faith.

Why Yerevan is A Hidden Gem for Coffee Lovers and a City Steeped in History

I had absolutely no idea that stepping into the vibrant, modern cityscape of Yerevan would ignite such a passion within me for its coffee. It’s not just any coffee here; it's an experience, a revelation of quality, brightness, and the delightful acidity that makes my taste buds sing. Gone are the days of settling for the often lackluster, full-bodied yet somehow empty medium roasts I've encountered elsewhere, like in Goa, India, and Tbilisi, Georgia. Yerevan has spoiled me for anything less. And in just my first three days, I've already discovered the city's thriving specialty coffee scene, and let me tell you, each café has been a delightful discovery. The single-origin beans seem authentic, bursting with character, making the thought of returning to Georgia, despite its undeniable historical charm and slightly less expensive cost of living, a little less appealing.

Yerevan itself is a fascinating city, a unique blend of Soviet-era influences – keep an eye out for communist remnants on building facades around the main square – and a burgeoning modern spirit. Last night, I had the unexpected pleasure of attending a moving performance of Maquerade at the Armenian National Opera and Dance Theatre with a lovely German couple I met on a free walking tour. The ballet, a poignant tale of mistaken identity, loss, and regret, resonated with the bittersweet feeling of constant farewells that seems to accompany my travels. I constantly have to leave loved ones behind with each new border crossed. Yet, amidst this transient existence, the exceptional coffee here has been a true awakening, a bright spot that fuels my exploration of this intriguing city. Even the persistent Yerevan rain can't deter me from venturing out to uncover more of its cafe treasures. As I am in my final week of the semester, I have ample time to explore and find the amazing coffee shop culture here in Armenia. 

Coffee's Deep Roots in Armenia

My coffee obsession has deep historical roots in Armenia. Coffee's association with Armenians dates back to the 17th century, particularly within Western Armenian culture (Yerevan State University, 2024). Historical trade records reveal that Western Armenian merchants, alongside their Polish and Smyrna counterparts, actively participated in exporting coffee to the West, often alongside silk. Interestingly, Eastern Armenians were also familiar with coffee as early as the 17th century, a fact noted by the French traveler Jean Chardin during his visit to Yerevan. It's recounted that when Chardin fell ill, the local monks offered him coffee as a remedy (Yerevan State University, 2024). This anecdote resonates with the warm hospitality I've experienced in Yerevan. Despite language barriers, the genuine excitement of locals in welcoming international visitors is palpable. The lower tourism numbers, possibly due to understandable concerns about regional geopolitical tensions involving Russia, Turkey, and Azerbaijan, amplify this welcoming spirit. My walking tour guide even touched upon the complex dynamics and the underlying interest in Azerbaijan's oil reserves. While the region's conflicts create a lingering risk of broader conflict, as a tourist, I have personally felt safe in Yerevan (Hushcha, 2023).

Armenia actually has a unique connection to the very word "coffee" (Yerevan State University, 2024). In Alexandropol (now Gyumri), coffee was referred to as "gahve," a term originating from the Ethiopian region of Kaffa. However, it was the Armenians who coined their own word for coffee: "սուրճ" (pronounced "surtsh"). This linguistic distinction speaks to the beverage's integration into the Armenian lexicon and culture.

Armenian National Opera and Dance Theatre Orchestra Pit

Furthermore, the late 19th century saw the rise of "ghahvexanes" in Alexandropol, more than just coffee shops; they were vibrant gathering places for artisans and craftspeople to unwind and discuss their work (Yerevan State University, 2024). Artist G. Brutyan even depicted a café specifically for "ashoughs," traditional Armenian folk singers and poets, where these performers would entertain the artisans. This historical intertwining of coffee culture and the arts deeply resonates with my experience attending the breathtaking ballet by the Armenian National Opera and Dance Theatre. The dedication and artistry on display were a testament to the enduring importance of performance in Armenian culture.

These cafés weren't just about leisure and art; they also became hubs for intellectual and even political discourse. In Alexandropol, a café named "Tasht" served as a meeting point for thinkers like Jivani and Avetik Isahakyan to discuss the liberation of their land (Yerevan State University, 2024). Later, during the early Soviet era, the "Tourist Cafe" in the 1920s and 30s became another significant gathering place for intellectuals to debate liberal ideas and the challenges of the newly formed Soviet Union. Sadly, this intellectual ferment drew the attention of the State Security Committee, leading to the tragic repression and closure of many Yerevan cafés in 1937 (Yerevan State University, 2024). This stark reminder of the political climate underscores the cultural significance these spaces held, to the extent that their existence was perceived as a potential threat. However, the tradition was resilient. With the arrival of Armenian repatriates in 1946, the cherished practice of drinking coffee was revived (Yerevan State University, 2024).

Even personal anecdotes underscore the cultural significance of coffee. The renowned Armenian poet Hovhannes Tumanyan, during his work with Armenian Genocide survivors, reportedly found solace and even a medicinal benefit against infectious diseases in drinking coffee with brandy (Yerevan State University, 2024). This intriguing connection to brandy, a significant part of Armenian culture, with brands like ARARAT, makes me wonder about the prevalence and flavors of Armenian coffee cocktails – a treat I would explore myself if I drank alcohol. 

Dalan Art Gallery and Restaurant 

The history of coffee in Armenia extends beyond its consumption within the country (Partamian, 2017). Armenian merchants played a crucial role in introducing coffee to Europe, with individuals like Hovhanness Diodato opening Vienna's first coffee shop in 1685 and Pascal establishing the first coffee houses in Paris, London, Venice, and Holland even earlier. This pioneering spirit underscores the significant historical contribution of Armenians to global coffee culture.

My Yerevan Coffee Journey

AfroLab Roastery Machine and Coffee Beans 

My own Yerevan coffee adventure, though brief so far, has been nothing short of inspiring. Arriving late and needing a caffeine fix before my free walking tour, I stumbled upon AfroLab Roastery. The atmosphere was instantly captivating – walls adorned with iconic jazz musicians, a magnificent roasting machine taking center stage, and shelves displaying their own beautifully packaged, fragrant beans. The music and the friendly, uniformly dressed staff gave off a cool, Brooklyn-esque vibe, but with a distinctly warm Armenian charm. The pink-washed walls and lush palm trees added an unexpected earthy touch, almost transporting me to the vibrant coffee regions of Africa. And the coffee itself? Bright, perfectly acidic, and a much-needed jolt of pure joy after a string of mediocre brews. The staff were incredibly welcoming, a sentiment I've found to be consistently true here.

Following the walking tour, which unveiled hidden gems like the Dalan Art Gallery and Restaurant and the stunning Cascade, I found myself drawn to Lumen Coffee. Tucked away down an unassuming alley, this café exudes a modern minimalist aesthetic with its clean white walls and touches of greenery. Upstairs, however, a dimly lit space with a curated record collection offered a cozy retreat. What I particularly loved was the unhurried atmosphere; like in Vietnam, enjoying coffee late into the evening seems perfectly normal here. The barista was incredibly kind, even asking about my preference for body or acidity – a coffee lover's dream! The brew I had was, again, fantastic.

Lumen Coffee 

The next day, in need of a quiet haven to complete my ichthyology studies, I spent several productive hours at Hayk Coffee. Located on the lively Saryan Street, known for its cool wine bars and coffee shops, Hayk offered a more understated vibe with interesting photography adorning its walls. While not the coziest, the neighborhood's charm ensured I'd be back in the area to try other cafes nearby.

Hayk Coffee 

As I type this, I'm comfortably (albeit with my jacket serving as a cushion on a less-than-ergonomic chair) sitting in Ground Zero Specialty Coffee. True to its name, the coffee is indeed of specialty-grade quality. The atmosphere is more geared towards digital nomads, with its minimalist white walls and the hum of laptops. A surprising Chinese influence is evident in the lantern decorations, and the international food menu contributes to the slightly eclectic ambiance. It's not my personal aesthetic, but the excellent coffee and the focused atmosphere have made it a surprisingly productive spot. 

Ground Zero Specialty Coffee 

The rain in Yerevan continues to fall, but my spirit remains undeterred, fueled by the exceptional coffee I've encountered. My time here is drawing to a close, and I know I'll deeply miss this burgeoning café culture. So, I implore you, fellow coffee enthusiasts and travelers, don't let any perceived geopolitical tensions deter you. Yerevan is a city brimming with history, warmth, and a genuine passion for specialty coffee. Come and experience it before the world potentially shifts in ways that make such travel more challenging, due to the region's geopolitical tensions. Trust me, your taste buds – and your soul – will thank you for it.

Understanding the Inflammatory Power of Food in Obesity

Abstract: 

    Obesity, a global health crisis, is increasingly recognized as a state of chronic low-grade inflammation that extends beyond mere energy imbalance. This paper synthesizes current research to explore the profound impact of dietary composition on this inflammatory milieu, moving beyond a simplistic caloric perspective. I argue that specific dietary patterns and food components, exemplified by the pro-inflammatory nature of the Standard American Diet (SAD) (Totsch et al., 2017), the inflammatory potential of high glycemic index foods (Kim et al., 2018) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) (van der Lugt et al., 2018), and the contrasting benefits of whole foods (Wang et al., 2024) and specific bioactive compounds (Kang & Kim, 2023), significantly contribute to the inflammatory burden in obesity (Ellulu et al., 2017). Furthermore, I examine the critical role of the gut microbiota (Maciel-Fiuza et al., 2023) and the nuanced effects of different types of dietary fats (Lawrence, 2024) in modulating systemic inflammation. Understanding these intricate relationships is crucial for developing effective dietary strategies to mitigate inflammation and improve health outcomes in obese individuals.

Introduction

    The escalating prevalence of obesity worldwide has shifted the understanding of this condition from a simple excess of energy storage to a complex metabolic state characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation (Ellulu et al., 2017). While excess adiposity itself triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a reduction in anti-inflammatory adipokines, the role of diet extends far beyond its contribution to energy surplus. The composition of the food we consume exerts a powerful influence on inflammatory pathways, either exacerbating or mitigating the underlying inflammatory state associated with obesity. This paper delves into the specific dietary factors that contribute to inflammation in the context of obesity, examining the impact of prevalent dietary patterns, the metabolic consequences of specific food components, the modulating role of the gut microbiota, and the differential effects of various types of fats. By synthesizing current research, I aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the inflammatory properties of food and their critical implications for managing obesity and its associated comorbidities.

The Pro-Inflammatory Landscape of the Standard American Diet

    The typical Western dietary pattern, often referred to as the Standard American Diet (SAD), is characterized by high intakes of refined carbohydrates, unhealthy fats (saturated and trans fats), and added sugars. Research employing animal models has provided compelling evidence for the pro-inflammatory nature of this dietary pattern (Totsch et al., 2017). Totsch et al. (2017) designed a rat model that mimics the Standard American Diet (SAD). They demonstrated that chronic consumption led to significant increases in body fat, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α), and even signs of neuroinflammation. The high omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio in the Standard American Diet (SAD), stemming from excessive consumption of vegetable oils, and the significant intake of saturated and trans fats, which are known to activate inflammatory pathways such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), contribute significantly to this inflammatory milieu. The inclusion of high-fructose corn syrup further exacerbates the issue, highlighting how the macronutrient profile and specific food sources within the Standard American Diet (SAD) actively promote systemic inflammation, independent of total caloric intake. This research underscores how prevalent dietary habits in many industrialized nations directly contribute to the inflammatory state observed in obesity (Ellulu et al., 2017).

Glycemic Index and the Inflammatory Cascade.

     Beyond the overall composition of the diet, the metabolic response to specific food components also plays a crucial role in inflammation. Foods with a high Glycemic Index (GI) cause rapid spikes in blood glucose levels, triggering a cascade of events that promote inflammation. Kim et al. (2018) found a positive correlation between the inflammatory potential of the diet, as measured by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), and the overall Glycemic Index in college students, particularly in females. The surge in blood glucose (hyperglycemia) induced by high-glycemic index (GI) foods leads to increased oxidative stress through the production of harmful free radicals. Furthermore, hyperglycemia stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α. It contributes to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are potent inflammatory mediators, particularly in vascular tissues. Chronic consumption of high GI diets can also lead to insulin resistance, a condition intrinsically linked with increased inflammation in obese individuals (Ellulu et al., 2017). While the GI alone may not fully explain the inflammatory potential of the diet, its contribution highlights the importance of considering the metabolic impact of carbohydrate quality on systemic inflammation.

Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)

    Another critical link between diet and inflammation in obesity lies in the formation and consumption of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). These compounds are formed through non-enzymatic reactions between sugars and proteins or fats, a process accelerated by high temperatures during cooking and prevalent in many processed foods. Van der Lugt et al. (2018) demonstrated that dietary AGEs directly stimulate the inflammatory response in human macrophages, leading to the secretion of TNF-α. This finding suggests that the method of food preparation and the prevalence of processed foods in the diet contribute to the overall inflammatory burden. The absorption of dietary AGEs may also contribute to the body's endogenous AGE pool, potentially exacerbating inflammation and metabolic dysfunction already present in obese individuals (Ellulu et al., 2017). The presence of high levels of AGEs in diets rich in processed and high-heat-cooked foods provides another mechanism by which food intake, beyond its caloric content, fuels inflammation in obesity.

The Protective Power of Whole Foods and Bioactive Compounds

     In stark contrast to the pro-inflammatory effects of the Standard American Diet (SAD) and specific food components, whole, unprocessed foods often possess inherent anti-inflammatory properties. Wang et al.'s (2024) Food Inflammation Index (FII) highlights the heterogeneity within food groups, revealing that whole foods like flaxseed oil, nuts, seeds, and certain vegetables tend to have lower FII scores, indicating their anti-inflammatory potential. These foods are rich in bioactive compounds (BCs) such as flavonoids and omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to counteract inflammation. Kang and Kim (2023) further elucidate the mechanisms by which BCs exert these effects, demonstrating their ability to neutralize pro-inflammatory reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulate histone acetylation, thereby dampening the expression of inflammatory genes. By activating key pathways involving SIRT1 and NRF2, BCs in whole foods help restore cellular redox balance and reduce oxidative stress, counteracting the inflammatory processes associated with obesity and poor dietary patterns. The contrast between processed foods with high FII scores and whole foods with low FII scores highlights the crucial role of food quality in regulating inflammation.

The Gut Microbiota

   The intricate ecosystem of the gut microbiota has emerged as a critical player in the interplay between diet, obesity, and inflammation (Maciel-Fiuza et al., 2023). A balanced gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, supporting the development of immune cells, and preserving the integrity of the gut barrier. However, dietary patterns like the Standard American Diet (SAD) can induce dysbiosis, characterized by a loss of microbial diversity and an imbalance in bacterial populations. This dysbiotic state can increase gut permeability, allowing pro-inflammatory bacterial products to enter the bloodstream and contribute to systemic inflammation. Conversely, the consumption of whole foods rich in fiber can promote a beneficial gut microbiota that produces anti-inflammatory metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Changes in gut microbiota composition have been implicated in inflammatory conditions associated with obesity, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis (Maciel-Fiuza et al., 2023), highlighting the profound influence of diet on the gut microbiome and its subsequent impact on systemic inflammation.

A Nuanced Perspective on Dietary Fats

    The role of dietary fats in inflammation is more complex than a simple categorization of "good" and "bad" fats. While saturated fats have often been implicated in promoting inflammation, Lawrence (2024) presents a counter-narrative, suggesting that they may not be the primary drivers and could even possess anti-inflammatory properties in specific contexts, particularly in comparison to high intakes of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Animal studies on arthritis have shown that diets rich in saturated fat are associated with less inflammation than those high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Furthermore, the body can synthesize saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic acid, from excess carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), suggesting that dietary intake alone may not be the sole determinant of their levels and inflammatory effects. This nuanced perspective highlights the importance of considering the types and ratios of dietary fats, rather than focusing solely on the total amount of saturated fat, in understanding their impact on inflammation in obesity. The high omega-6 to omega-3 ratio prevalent in the Standard American Diet (SAD) (Totsch et al., 2017), rather than just the presence of saturated fats, may be a more significant driver of inflammation.

Conclusion

The evidence synthesized in this paper clearly demonstrates that the impact of food on obesity extends far beyond its caloric contribution. The inflammatory power of diet is a critical factor in the pathogenesis and progression of obesity-related comorbidities (Ellulu et al., 2017). The pro-inflammatory nature of the Standard American Diet (Totsch et al., 2017), the metabolic consequences of high glycemic index foods (Kim et al., 2018) and AGEs (van der Lugt et al., 2018), the modulating role of the gut microbiota (Maciel-Fiuza et al., 2023), and the complex effects of different types of fats (Lawrence, 2024) all contribute to the chronic low-grade inflammation characteristic of obesity. Conversely, the inclusion of whole, unprocessed foods rich in bioactive compounds (Kang & Kim, 2023; Wang et al., 2024) offers a potential avenue for mitigating this inflammation. Future research and dietary recommendations must move beyond simplistic caloric restrictions and focus on the intricate interplay between specific dietary components, metabolic pathways, and the immune system to develop effective strategies for managing obesity and its inflammatory sequelae. Understanding and harnessing the anti-inflammatory power of food holds significant promise for improving the health and well-being of individuals struggling with obesity.

References:

Ellulu, M. S., Patimah, I., Khaza’ai, H., Rahmat, A., & Abed, Y. (2017). Obesity and inflammation: the linking mechanism and the complications. Archives of medical science: AMS, 13(4), 851–863. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2016.58928   

Kang, H., & Kim, B. (2023). Bioactive Compounds as Inhibitors of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Dysfunctions via Regulation of Cellular Redox Balance and Histone Acetylation State. Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 12(5), 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12050925   

Kim, Y., Chen, J., Wirth, M. D., Shivappa, N., & Hebert, J. R. (2018). Lower Dietary Inflammatory Index Scores Are Associated with Lower Glycemic Index Scores among College Students. Nutrients, 10(2), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020182   

Lawrence, G. D. (2024). Saturated Fats: Time to Assess Their Beneficial Role in a Healthful Diet. Dietetics, 3(4), 452-462. https://doi.org/10.3390/dietetics3040033

Maciel-Fiuza, M. F., Muller, G. C., Campos, D. M. S., do Socorro Silva Costa, P., Peruzzo, J., Bonamigo, R. R., Veit, T., & Vianna, F. S. L. (2023). Role of gut microbiota in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1098386. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1098386   

Totsch, S., Quinn, T., Strath, L., McMeekin, L., Cowell, R., Gower, B., & Sorge, R. (2017). The impact of the Standard American Diet in rats: Effects on behavior, physiology and recovery from inflammatory injury. Scandinavian Journal of Pain, 17(1), 316-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.08.009   

van der Lugt, T., Weseler, A. R., Gebbink, W. A., Vrolijk, M. F., Opperhuizen, A., & Bast, A. (2018). Dietary Advanced Glycation Endproducts Induce an Inflammatory Response in Human Macrophages in Vitro. Nutrients, 10(12), 1868. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121868   

Wang, Z., Yuan, C., Zhang, Y., Abdelaty, N. S., Chen, C., Shen, J., Zhang, L., Lu, B., Liu, R., & Li, P. (2024). Food inflammation index reveals the key inflammatory components in foods and heterogeneity within food groups: How do we choose food? Journal of Advanced Research. Advance online publication. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090123224004648

Nature v Nurture with Anorexia Nervosa

 My interest in polygenic traits, which are traits influenced by multiple genes, and the intricate genetic architecture of diseases was piqued during discussions in genetics class. This led to a deep reflection on my battle with anorexia nervosa. The complex interplay of multiple genes in conditions like coronary heart disease and obesity mirrored the multifaceted nature of my struggle with body image and the desire to nourish myself amidst societal pressures.

My life took a significant turn in 2022 during a work trip to Madagascar, where a monotonous diet of rice and beans, due to the limited food options, triggered an aversion to these staples upon my return. A seemingly innocuous comment about portion sizes heightened my body awareness, which quickly spiralled into anorexia. Within months, I experienced a drastic 40% weight loss, plummeting my BMI to a dangerously low level that necessitated admission to an eating disorder treatment facility. This experience underscored the urgent need for early intervention in anorexia, a condition that can rapidly escalate without timely support and treatment.

Looking back, the confluence of events and predispositions seems both evident and deeply layered. My formative years as a dancer instilled an unspoken pressure for leanness, undoubtedly shaping my body image. The environmental trigger of the restrictive diet in Madagascar, coupled with the triggering comment, ignited an obsessive focus on my body, leading to meticulous calorie counting and severely restricted eating habits. My diet dwindled to a single daily meal of green vegetables. The ensuing rapid weight loss, though alarming to those around me, was strangely imperceptible to my distorted self-perception. It was the growing concern of my girlfriend, who provided unwavering support and understanding, a friend with a history of eating disorders, and others, that began to penetrate my denial. The stark reality of my emaciated state finally hit me during a Christmas visit home, when my horrified parents took me to a doctor, and I was confronted with my reflection after the medical assessment.

However, the genetics discussions in class sparked a crucial question: was environment the sole cause of my illness? My mother had her history with anorexia and bulimia during her university years, and other family members had struggled with addiction. Given the obsessive and controlling nature of anorexia, I began to consider the potential role of inherited factors. Could a genetic predisposition have made me more vulnerable to developing anorexia compared to someone facing similar environmental pressures? This is a key question in understanding the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors in the development of anorexia nervosa.

Driven by this question, I delved into the scientific literature, seeking to unravel the intricate genetic underpinnings of anorexia nervosa. This exploration unveiled a complex landscape where both nature and nurture intertwine to shape an individual's susceptibility to this disorder, a fascinating puzzle that continues to captivate researchers and readers alike.

Research has firmly established a significant genetic component in eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa (Bulik et al., 2022). While early candidate gene studies yielded inconsistent results, linkage analyses identified promising chromosomal regions (1p36.13–1p34.2 and 1q25–1q41) that potentially harbour risk loci. Subsequent studies suggested candidate genes, such as OPRD1 and HTR1D, with the association for OPRD1 being replicated. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were still in their early stages at the time of this review, they underscored the need for larger sample sizes to pinpoint specific genetic variants. Epigenetic research further revealed alterations in DNA methylation patterns in women with anorexia nervosa, potentially linking to increased anxiety and reward dysfunction often observed in the disorder (Bulik et al., 2022).

More recent investigations have delved deeper into epigenetic modifications in anorexia nervosa patients (Käver et al., 2024). These studies not only shed light on the disease's complexity but also offer hope for recovery. They suggest that epigenetic changes associated with malnutrition may be reversible with recovery and that DNA methylation levels could serve as biomarkers. This promising research, along with ongoing studies, fuels optimism for better treatments and outcomes.

Further evidence for a genetic basis comes from studies examining the overlap between anorexia nervosa and other traits. A study using GWAS data identified significant polygenic overlap between anorexia nervosa and body mass index, as well as anorexia nervosa and age at menarche, revealing shared genetic risk loci (Termorshuizen et al., 2025). This suggests that genes influencing anorexia nervosa may also play a role in regulating body weight and sexual maturation. The study also found evidence suggesting that genetic variants associated with anorexia nervosa may have been under recent positive evolutionary selection in humans, potentially linking the disorder to evolutionary pressures related to energy metabolism and reproductive functions. Genes related to circadian rhythms, such as ARNTL, were implicated. This genetic overlap has significant implications for our understanding of anorexia nervosa and its broader impact on human evolution and health.

Neurotransmitter systems, particularly serotonin, have also been implicated in anorexia nervosa. A meta-analysis of serotonin receptor gene polymorphisms found a small but significant association between the 5-HTR2A rs6311 polymorphism and anorexia nervosa, particularly in Southern European populations, suggesting a context-dependent genetic influence (Bevilacqua et al., 2024). However, no significant association was found for the 5-HTR2C rs6318 polymorphism. Another systematic review highlighted the role of the dopaminergic system, with polymorphisms in DRD2 linked to a predisposition for anorexia nervosa through mechanisms affecting perfectionism and stress response. The DRD3 gene and DAT1 gene were also associated with specific anorexia nervosa symptoms and traits. Additionally, the BDNF gene and other genes, such as OXTR, as well as the interaction between TFAP2B and KCTD15, have been implicated in various neurobiological and psychological factors relevant to anorexia nervosa (Almaghrbi & Bawadi, 2024).

Twin studies provide compelling evidence for the interplay of genetics and environment. Research on identical twin pairs discordant for anorexia nervosa and other specified feeding or eating disorders (OSFED) highlights that even with similar genetic makeup, differing environmental exposures, such as trauma, stress, health beliefs, and body ideals, can lead to divergent outcomes (Elwyn et al., 2024). These studies underscore the crucial role of individual experiences in the development of eating disorders. An extensive Danish population study further demonstrated significant interactions between genetic predisposition for anorexia nervosa and various birth-related, somatic, and psychosocial risk factors, suggesting that the impact of gene liability can be amplified or mitigated by environmental influences (Papini et al., 2024).

The ethical implications of genetic research in anorexia nervosa are also being considered. Concerns about equitable access to genetic testing and the need for increased genetic literacy among healthcare professionals are crucial as the field of genetics continues to evolve (Pinheiro et al., 2009). Research focusing on severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (SE-AN) emphasises the need to include this often-overlooked subgroup in genetic studies to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the disorder's etiology (Ramsay et al., 2024). Emerging research into microRNAs (miRNAs) offers another potential avenue for understanding the complex regulatory mechanisms involved in anorexia nervosa (Voelz et al., 2024), while a meta-analysis found no association between the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and anorexia nervosa in European populations, suggesting a shift towards more comprehensive genetic approaches (Brustolin et al., 2015).

Interestingly, unexpected environmental factors, such as exposure to delicate particulate matter (PM10), have been suggested as potential risk factors for anorexia nervosa in a Mendelian Randomization study (Tsitsi & Marouli, 2024), highlighting the potential for seemingly unrelated environmental influences. Furthermore, research has identified a bidirectional association between anorexia nervosa and morning chronotype, as well as a link between insomnia and increased risk, underscoring the role of circadian rhythms and sleep in the disorder (Wilcox et al., 2024). Studies on potential expression biomarkers have identified genes like VNN1 as downregulated in anorexia nervosa patients, possibly indicating an abnormal adaptive response to food restriction (Verebi et al., 2024). Research on risk factors for hospitalization in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa indicates that lower BMI and a higher number of predisposing factors, including family history, life stress, and psychiatric comorbidities, increase the likelihood of severe outcomes (Benini et al., 2025).

Cutting-edge multi-omics research further illuminates the intricate interplay of biological factors, suggesting that disruptions in the gut-brain axis, specific metabolites, cholesterol levels, and the immune system may play a significant role in anorexia nervosa (Li & Bi, 2024). Additionally, recent genetic studies have provided novel insights into the shared and distinct genetic underpinnings of anorexia nervosa and binge eating (Termorshuizen et al., 2025), and unexpectedly identified obesity-associated gene mutations in individuals with anorexia nervosa, suggesting a more complex role for these genes in eating disorders (Rajcsanyi et al., 2024). The potential involvement of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in anorexia nervosa, with altered expression levels observed in adolescents with the disorder, adds another layer of complexity to our understanding (Amianto et al., 2024). Finally, research continues to explore the specific psychological and environmental risk factors that contribute to the development and severity of anorexia nervosa (Dang et al., 2024).

Embracing the Complexity of Recovery

My journey through the scientific literature has profoundly reshaped my understanding of my own experience with anorexia nervosa. It is no longer solely a narrative of environmental triggers and personal struggles, but one interwoven with the threads of genetics and complex biological processes. While the environmental factors that precipitated my illness remain clear, the growing body of research suggests that a genetic predisposition may have heightened my vulnerability.

This understanding is not about assigning blame or diminishing the impact of my experiences. Instead, it offers a more comprehensive framework for comprehending the multifaceted nature of anorexia nervosa. It underscores that recovery is not simply about behavioural changes but also about acknowledging and addressing potential underlying biological vulnerabilities. The research also highlights the critical importance of early intervention and prevention strategies that consider both genetic and environmental risk factors.

The ongoing efforts to identify biomarkers, understand epigenetic changes, and explore the complex interplay of various biological systems offer hope for more targeted and effective treatments in the future. Recognizing the significant genetic component of anorexia nervosa can also help to destigmatize the disorder, fostering greater empathy and understanding. As research continues to unravel the intricate web of nature and nurture in anorexia nervosa, we move closer to a more compassionate, informed, and ultimately more effective approach to supporting individuals on their journey to recovery.

Tbilisi's Evolving Coffee Culture

Tbilisi, a city where ancient history whispers from cobblestone streets and modern vibrancy pulses through its veins, has captivated me in countless ways. Yet, beyond the sulfur baths and the echoes of centuries past, I've discovered a more recent, equally compelling narrative: the evolution of its coffee culture. From what I imagine were more traditional, perhaps simpler ways of enjoying this beloved beverage, Tbilisi has blossomed into a haven for speciality coffee, a journey I've had the delightful pleasure of experiencing firsthand at cafes like Pulp and Okro Roasters.

Streets of Tbilisi 

Delving into the history of coffee in Georgia, it's clear that, like many nations, its introduction was intertwined with cultural exchange and trade. As Salome Dzandzava notes in her article for Radio Cafe, "In Georgia, as in many other countries, coffee became popular through cultural exchange and trade" (2024). Like wine cellars in Tbilisi proudly offer their exquisite local vintages, a growing number also feature high-quality coffee, recognizing its appeal to discerning palates (Dzandzava, 2024). This mirrors the historical trajectory of coffee in Europe, which, after arriving via Ottoman trade routes, transformed 17th-century coffee houses into vibrant hubs for intellectual discourse and social gatherings, ultimately contributing to its global spread (Dzandzava, 2024).

The Tbilisi I'm experiencing today feels a world away from a time when speciality coffee was a novelty. CoffeeLab opened in 2016 and was the first to introduce speciality roasting and cafes to the Georgian market (Baldinger, 2021). Founder Giorgi Aivazyan recounted the initial struggle in educating customers, many unfamiliar with the acidity and fruitiness characteristic of speciality Arabica beans (Baldinger, 2021). He even mentioned having an "instruction manual" for baristas to explain the nuances of each drink and how different this was from the more traditional coffee experiences Georgians were accustomed to (Baldinger, 2021). It's fascinating to think that less than a decade ago, the vibrant specialty coffee scene I'm now immersed in was just beginning to take root.

My own exploration of this evolving landscape has been nothing short of a delight. Stepping into cafes like Pulp and Okro Roasters, the air is thick with the aroma of freshly roasted beans, a far cry from the more grainy, sometimes bitter notes I've encountered in coffees from places like Turkey and North Africa. My palate, accustomed to the brighter, more acidic profiles standard in Western coffee culture, has been thoroughly impressed by the citrusy undertones and balanced acidity I’ve found in nearly every cup here. This starkly contrasts the incredibly strong, dark, and nutty Vietnamese coffee, which, while delicious in its own right, certainly affected my sleep cycle differently! Here in Tbilisi, I can happily indulge in three cups throughout the day while working on my university biology program, all without disrupting my sleep – a true testament to the quality and profile of the coffee.

The appreciation for these nuanced flavours is clearly growing in Tbilisi. Baldinger (2021) reports that the founder of Shavi Coffee believes that "Georgians have an amazing palette and cuisine that makes them appreciate quality products," which fuels his confidence in the burgeoning specialty coffee market. This resonates with my own observations. At Shavi Coffee, near the trendy Fabrika hostel where I'm staying, the dedication to quality is palpable. The friendly staff and the bright, airy atmosphere made it a perfect spot to work and savour a meticulously brewed cup.

Bambina Cafe 

My journey continued to Stories (near Gudiashvili Square), Bambina (beside the Georgian National Museum), and Pulp. While each offered a unique vibe – from Stories' focused work environment to Bambina's cozy wine bar feel and Pulp's bustling, dog-friendly energy – the underlying appreciation for good coffee was evident. Even at Bambina, where the coffee might not have been the absolute highest quality, the welcoming atmosphere and reasonable prices made it a worthwhile experience. Pulp, however, truly stood out. Despite being packed, the black Americano I ordered was exceptional, bursting with bright, almost orange-like notes. It was a joy to witness the lively social scene unfolding around me, with friends sharing pastries and adorable dogs eagerly awaiting scraps. Finally, OKRO Roasters impressed me with its stylish décor, striking red espresso machine, and, most importantly, its delicious coffee served in a comforting ceramic mug. The fact that they even offered tikka masala on their menu added to the place's unique charm!

OKRO Roasters

This focus on quality and the desire to cater to evolving tastes are also reflected in the emergence of local companies like Meama. Meama is "Leading the way among large-scale producers," importing high-quality beans and promoting coffee capsules and machines for home brewing, aligning with European and American consumption trends (Baldinger, 2021). This indicates a broader shift towards valuing convenient yet quality coffee experiences.

However, the growth of the specialty coffee market isn't without its challenges. The average income in Georgia can limit the widespread adoption of specialty coffee, which tends to be more expensive for locals (Baldinger, 2021). This necessitates a delicate balance for coffee shop owners, who strive to make quality coffee accessible while also ensuring their businesses are sustainable.

Pulp 

Interestingly, the recent geopolitical landscape has also played a role in Tbilisi's coffee scene. As noted in The Coffee Vine's article on Shavi Coffee (2024), "Especially after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, many sophisticated Russians relocated to Georgia and brought with them their ideas and preferences, which included specialty coffee." While this influx has undoubtedly contributed to the demand for and growth of specialty coffee, it has also created social tensions( Kucera, 2023). In Batumi, a Black Sea town, the arrival of numerous Russian-owned businesses has led to concerns about the erosion of the Georgian language and culture (Kucera, 2023). While Tbilisi might present a slightly different picture, the sentiment of unease surrounding the increased Russian presence is palpable, as evidenced by my own experience at a restaurant where the waiter aggressively pushed a Russian menu before realizing I was American. Despite these complexities, the introduction of specialty coffee can be seen as a positive development, potentially creating jobs and attracting tourists who appreciate quality and unique experiences.

Shavi Coffee Near Fabrika 

Shavi Coffee, in particular, embodies a forward-thinking approach, aiming to grow the specialty coffee market in Georgia, foster ethical relationships with farmers, and build meaningful connections with customers (The Coffee Vine, 2024). This commitment to ethical sourcing resonates with my experience learning about coffee production in Tanzania, where coffee bean farmers on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro are part of a National Tanzanian Coffee Board that ensures fair trade practices. Seeing this same dedication to quality and ethical sourcing in Tbilisi is truly inspiring.

My journey through Tbilisi's evolving coffee culture has been a fascinating blend of historical discovery and personal indulgence. With its rich history and resilient spirit, this city is now brewing a new story, one cup of meticulously crafted coffee at a time. From the initial skepticism surrounding acidity to the current bustling cafes filled with people genuinely appreciating the nuances of a well-made brew, Tbilisi's coffee scene is a testament to the growing global appreciation for quality and the dynamic spirit of this captivating city. I eagerly anticipate continuing my exploration and discovering even more hidden gems in Tbilisi's ever-evolving coffee landscape! 

When Weight Goes Beyond Willpower

As someone deeply immersed in biohacking and natural healing, I always seek perspectives that challenge conventional wisdom about health and the human body. Recently, I dove into Sylvia Tara's book, "The Secret Life of Fat," published a few years ago (Tara, 2017), and it really got me thinking. While I found her insights fascinating, particularly regarding the evolutionary role of fat and its complex biology, it also sparked a deeper reflection on something I feel incredibly passionate about: the societal tendency to blame individuals for their health struggles.

The Secret Life of Fat by Sylvia Tara

In our wellness-obsessed culture, it's easy to fall into the trap of judging others, even ourselves, when we don't see the expected results despite seemingly doing all the "right" things. We diligently follow the latest wellness hacks, adhere to strict diets, and push ourselves through intense workouts, yet sometimes our bodies don't respond the way we anticipate. This is a personal point of contention for me because I firmly believe that genetics plays an incredibly significant role in how our bodies function.

It's time we fostered more compassion for ourselves and others. If we're genetically predisposed to find it harder to lose weight, build muscle, or even just maintain a certain physique, it feels inherently unfair to constantly be bombarded with messages that it's all about willpower and effort.

Keto Meal From My First Day in Tbilisi, Georgia

(Chicken liver, spinach pkhali, and Chicken Kharsho) 

I've found a combination of intermittent fasting, the ketogenic diet, daily exercise, and ample sunlight to be my personal sweet spot for feeling my absolute best. I also consciously avoid alcohol, sugar, and processed foods, and try my best to prioritize home-cooked meals. This is my personal recipe for pursuing a long and healthy life because, for me, the focus is squarely on quality of life rather than just quantity.

However, I can't shake the frustration with our society's obsession with equating wellness with appearance. The author's initial motivation in the book's introduction might have been somewhat rooted in this desire to look a certain way. This, to me, is a direct consequence of the toxic stigma surrounding body image and weight that pervades our culture. I genuinely believe that genetics wields a massive influence, and we desperately need to shift the conversation towards living healthy, fulfilling lives and prioritizing how we feel rather than solely fixating on how we look.

I'm particularly captivated by how our unique genetic makeup and intricate mechanisms like histone modifications and epigenetics profoundly impact how our bodies react to our lifestyle choices. It's a far cry from the simplistic "calories in, calories out" equation. Reading Tara's book also highlighted for me how significantly globalization and shifts in agricultural practices, especially within the United States, have reshaped our nutritional landscape. The heavy emphasis on large-scale cultivation of cash crops like corn and wheat, and their subsequent widespread incorporation into our food supply, has fundamentally altered how people obtain nutrition and may have contributed to widespread shifts in public health. Even federal dietary guidelines advocating for specific intakes of carbohydrates and grains seem to potentially exacerbate these challenges.

Food Pyramid Guide states that the recommended servings of grains per day are 6 to 11, which should constitute the bulk of the diet, with grains filling 1/4 of the plate.

The historical narrative of the Pima people, poignantly discussed in "The Secret Life of Fat," beautifully illustrates the complex interplay between genetic adaptation and environmental change (Tara, 2017). Their ancestors developed a "thrifty genotype" as a survival mechanism during food scarcity. However, this very adaptation became a disadvantage when their dietary patterns drastically changed due to settler colonization, leading to a significant increase in obesity within their population. 

My own Greek heritage offers a compelling example of this connection. The traditional Mediterranean diet, rich in fish, nuts, unsaturated fats from olive oil, and protein and relatively low in carbohydrates, aligns particularly well with my physiology and the subjective experiences of well-being within my maternal family. This suggests a potential genetic harmony with this ancestral dietary pattern.

Hummus Plate and Grilled Chicken from Athena Souvlaki in Da Nang, Vietnam 

My extensive travels in Asia have further illuminated these dynamics. Observing the high rice consumption in countries like Thailand and Vietnam, without seemingly widespread weight gain, makes me wonder about generations of physiological adaptation to a rice-based diet, given the environmental suitability for its cultivation. In contrast, my own body doesn't respond as favorably to high rice intake. Similarly, my experiences in India, where the cuisine often features spicy, ghee-laden curries and a significant presence of dairy and breads, resulted in noticeable gastrointestinal discomfort, a stark contrast to the apparent tolerance observed among local populations. This highlights the potential influence of ancestral dietary patterns on our contemporary physiological responses to food.

Creamy, Rich Curries from Goa, India 

I truly believe that understanding our ancestral origins can provide invaluable insights into how we can best optimize our dietary choices for improved health and a greater sense of well-being. Our genetic makeup plays a significant role in how we respond to different foods. As "The Secret Life of Fat" points out, the Pima people's genes evolved to help them survive periods of famine, a stark reminder of how those same genes can become a disadvantage in today's world of readily available food (Tara, 2017).

The article's mention of varying obesity and diabetes rates across different groups also reinforces the idea that genetic predispositions can differ across populations, aligning with my earlier thoughts about ethnicity and ancestral adaptations to specific environments and food sources (Tara, 2017). It's not about one group being inherently healthier than another, but rather about different genetic adaptations that were once beneficial becoming less so in a changed environment.

What I found particularly interesting in Tara's piece was how we can influence how our genes affect our health (Tara, 2017). This directly connects with my fascination with epigenetics and how our lifestyle choices – like diet, exercise, and even sunlight exposure – can interact with our genes. The idea that the Pima people might need to adopt extra measures to accommodate their genetic peculiarities when it comes to fat makes perfect sense and reinforces the notion that a one-size-fits-all approach to health and weight management simply isn't going to work when genetics plays such a significant role.

The Pima Natives 

Her story about the Pima people and their thrifty genotype really brought to life what I explored in depth during a project for my genetics course this semester that looked at specific genes and their influence on obesity. It's fascinating to see how a genetic adaptation crucial for survival in one environment can become a liability in another. My research into genes like FTO, MC4R, and LEPR provides some of the molecular mechanisms behind this.

For instance, "The Secret Life of Fat" mentions that individuals with variations in the FTO gene tend to desire high-calorie foods more often and have more fat (Tara, 2017). This perfectly aligns with my project findings, where it was noted that the rs9939609 variant in the FTO gene is linked to increased appetite and energy intake, potentially leading to a higher BMI. The study by Colin Palmer on schoolchildren, where those with the FTO variant consumed more high-calorie foods from the buffet, directly supports this. Even the Harvard Medical School research highlighting how the FTO mutation can cause fat cells to become energy-storing white fat instead of healthier beige fat that can burn calories through exercise paints a clear picture of how this one gene can significantly impact our drive to eat and how our bodies store energy. The article's mention of an almost twofold increased risk of obesity associated with FTO variants really underscores its significance as a genetic determinant (Tara, 2017).

Similarly, the MC4R gene, which I also explored in my project, is critical in regulating appetite and energy balance. The passage about the Pima people in "The Secret Life of Fat" talks about their bodies storing away calories, and variations in MC4R, like the rs17782313 polymorphism I researched, can contribute to this by influencing our eating behaviour and hormone levels. The study I looked at in Iranian adults showed that individuals with the C allele had increased food intake, more emotional eating, higher levels of the hunger hormone ghrelin, and lower levels of the satiety hormone GLP-1, all of which would make it easier to store excess calories.

The LEPR gene, which encodes the leptin receptor, is also crucial in this whole picture. The passage mentions the Pima's bodies storing calories, and a dysfunctional LEPR, as highlighted in my project, can disrupt the signals that tell our body we're full and regulate energy expenditure. This can lead to continuous hunger and overeating, further contributing to weight gain, which again ties into the Pima's tendency to store fat efficiently.

It's really striking how these specific genes I've been studying – FTO influencing appetite and fat cell function, MC4R affecting hunger and satiety signals, and LEPR impacting our body's ability to recognize fullness – provide a deeper understanding of the genetic variations that might have contributed to the Pima's thrifty genotype and why it now presents challenges in a modern environment. And as Tara rightly points out, while we can't change these genes, understanding their influence can empower us to make informed lifestyle choices and to shed some of the guilt associated with weight struggles (Tara, 2017). We can recognize the significant role our genetic inheritance plays.

I hadn't fully considered the idea of "healthy obesity genes" before reading "The Secret Life of Fat," and the example of the IRS1 gene and its variants is so insightful (Tara, 2017)!

It makes perfect sense when Tara explains how variant A leads to lower overall fat but more of that dangerous visceral fat because the body isn't creating enough subcutaneous fat cells to store it properly (Tara, 2017). This ties into something I've been learning – it's not just about the total amount of fat we have, but where it's located that really matters for our health. This variant also affects insulin sensitivity, especially in men, and highlights the metabolic consequences of this unhealthy fat distribution (Tara, 2017).

Then you have variant B, where people might be considered "fatter" overall. Still, they're healthier because their bodies efficiently store fat in the subcutaneous tissue where it belongs (Tara, 2017). This is a fascinating example of how a gene that increases fatness can protect against diseases like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It really challenges the simplistic view that all weight gain is inherently bad.

It's interesting to compare this with the genes I looked at in my project, like FTO, MC4R, and LEPR. While those genes primarily influence appetite, energy intake, and the tendency to accumulate fat, IRS1 is more specifically involved in creating fat cells and distributing fat, directly impacting metabolic health. It's like FTO might load the gun towards potentially eating more and storing more fat, but IRS1 influences where that fat ends up and how it impacts our insulin sensitivity.

The point in "The Secret Life of Fat" about not being "doomed" even with these gene variants is also critical and echoes what the article said about FTO (Tara, 2017). It reinforces that while our genes can predispose us to certain tendencies, our daily choices about diet and exercise ultimately hold significant power. The analogy of "genes load the gun, and environment pulls the trigger" sums it up nicely.

HEALTH IS WEALTH (Mumbai, India at Zin Cafe)

This exploration of "The Secret Life of Fat" has made me think even more deeply about how complex the genetics of obesity and metabolic health genuinely are. It's not just about genes that make us eat more; it's also about genes that influence how our bodies store and utilize fat, and even genes that might protect us unexpectedly. It definitely makes me want to continue learning more about these different types of "fat genes" and how they interact with each other and our lifestyles. Understanding this intricate dance between our genes and environment can help us move from judgment to a more compassionate and personalized approach to health and well-being.

Reference:

Tara, S. (2017). The secret life of fat: the science behind the body's least understood organ and what it means for you. W.W. Norton & Company. 

A Culinary Journey Through India's Flavors and Health Benefits

Hello from incredible India! I'm writing to you from the vibrant shores of Goa, where the air is thick with the scent of the ocean and something even more captivating: the intoxicating aroma of spices. This trip has been a true feast for the senses, especially my taste buds. From the moment I arrived, I've been swept away by the sheer variety and artistry of Indian cuisine.

The Goan Sunset 

        

<--- Palak Chicken and Baigan Fry in Mumbai                                  

Coffee and Reading on Anjuna Beach. ---> 

One of the first things that struck me was the prominent role of spices in every single dish. It's not just about flavor here; it's a way of life, a tradition steeped in centuries of Ayurvedic wisdom. With their strong advocacy for Ayurvedic medicine and natural supplements, companies like Himalaya perfectly exemplify this deep-rooted connection between food, spices, and well-being. Walking through local markets, the vibrant hues of turmeric, chilies, and cardamom piled high are a testament to this rich heritage.

While I've been eager to dive into the local Goan seafood delicacies, I've also found myself drawn to the diverse menus offering a staggering array of North Indian (Punjabi) dishes. Honestly, sometimes it feels like flipping through a culinary encyclopedia with over 30 different types of curries, vegetables, and meats to choose from! What's truly fascinating is that these aren't just random flavor combinations. The herbs and spices in these dishes carry a legacy of health benefits passed down through generations. It makes you wonder about the power of traditional knowledge and how deeply intertwined food and medicine are in this culture.

<--- Standing in front of Haji Ali Dargah in Mumbai 

Speaking of the incredible dishes, let me tell you about some of the spice-laden wonders I've had the pleasure of devouring:

Palak Chicken (or Chana): This creamy spinach-based dish is a powerhouse of flavor, thanks to the warmth of ginger, the subtle heat of chilies, and the aromatic blend of garam masala, kasuri methi, cumin seeds, cardamom, cinnamon, and cloves. Each bite is an explosion of taste and, I'm learning, a boost of potential health benefits.

Kadai Gobi: Even a simple cauliflower dish is elevated to an extraordinary level with the robust flavors of coriander seeds, fiery red chilies, fragrant cloves, sweet cinnamon, aromatic cardamom, and slightly licorice-like fennel seeds.

Baingan Bharta: This smoky mashed eggplant is surprisingly light yet packed with flavor from turmeric's earthy notes, coriander's citrusy undertones, the kick of red chile powder, the warmth of garam masala, and the fresh burst of cilantro.

Black Pepper Chicken (Parsi Style): This dish is a revelation! The dominant flavor of black pepper is beautifully complemented by turmeric, chili, garam masala, fresh cilantro, pungent ginger and garlic, and earthy cumin seeds (or jeera).

Bindi Masala: Even humble okra transforms into a culinary delight with the addition of fragrant coriander, vibrant turmeric, slightly sweet fennel, warming garam masala, tangy amchur powder, aromatic kasuri methi, and fresh coriander leaves.

Experiencing this explosion of flavors and learning about the traditional uses of these spices has led me to ponder a question: With the rising rates of metabolic diseases and obesity in India, could a dietary shift focusing on these incredible spices and traditional cooking methods be a key to better health?

Based on my observations and some fascinating research, I genuinely believe so. A recent systematic literature review published in the Journal of Functional Foods (Deekshith et al., 2021) investigated the effects of culinary herbs and spices on obesity. The researchers analysed 33 clinical trials and found that many commonly used spices demonstrated potential in reducing obesity indices.

The study highlighted that out of the 33 trials, 24 reported statistically significant (P < 0.05) reductions in obesity markers like Body Weight (BW), Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Fat Percentage (BFP), and Waist Circumference (WC) when compared to baseline or a placebo group (Deekshith et al., 2021). Specifically, eight culinary herbs and spices showed promising results: basil, cardamom, cinnamon, coriander, garlic, ginger, nigella (kalonji), and turmeric (Deekshith et al., 2021).

Think about that! Many of these spices are staples in the very dishes I've been enjoying. For instance, the study found that ginger supplementation significantly reduced BW, BMI, WC, and Hip Circumference (HC) in some trials (Deekshith et al., 2021). I've had ginger in almost every curry! Similarly, turmeric, a key ingredient in Baingan Bharta and Black Pepper Chicken, was reported to be beneficial in reducing BW, BMI, BFP, and WC (Deekshith et al., 2021). In several studies, even cinnamon, often used in garam masala, showed significant reductions in BW, BMI, BFP, and WC (Deekshith et al., 2021).

This research resonates deeply with my experience here. India possesses a powerful arsenal in its spice rack to combat health issues. The study suggests that these spices, rich in polyphenols and known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, could be valuable dietary tools (Deekshith et al., 2021).

Now, back to my initial thought about carbohydrate intake. While indulging in delicious naan and rice is part of the dining experience for the average Indian person, I can't help but wonder if shifting the dietary focus towards spice-rich curries and dishes while moderating carbohydrate consumption could yield significant health benefits for the Indian population. As suggested by the research, the power of these spices to aid in weight management and improve metabolic health is genuinely compelling.

Imagine a diet that celebrates the incredible flavors of Indian cuisine, packed with these health-boosting spices, but with a conscious effort to reduce refined carbohydrates. It feels like a natural and culturally relevant approach to tackling the rising rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes. India has a treasure trove of culinary wisdom, and scientific evidence increasingly supports the health benefits of its traditional spices. The key lies in re-emphasizing these spice-centric dishes and promoting a balanced approach to carbohydrate intake.

My journey through the spice trails of India has been more than just a culinary adventure. It's been an eye-opening experience to learn about the rich traditions and potential health benefits embedded within this vibrant culture. I leave with a newfound appreciation for the power of spices and a hopeful perspective on how India can leverage its culinary heritage for a healthier future.

References

Deekshith, C., Jois, M., Radcliffe, J., & Thomas, J. (2021). Effects of culinary herbs and spices on obesity: A systematic literature review of clinical trials. Journal of Functional Foods, 85, 104449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2021.104449